Salud

La industria del azúcar lleva décadas escondiendo los daños que provoca en la salud

Photo of Wellington Pérez Wellington Péreznoviembre 23, 2017
302 1.259 3 minutos de lectura

Un análisis de antiguos documentos de la Sugar Research Foundation muestra que detuvieron estudios en los que se relacionaba azúcar y enfermedad cardiovascular

Durante la historia de la humanidad, morir de cáncer de pulmón era una verdadera rareza. Sin embargo, el consumo masivo de tabaco, que comenzó a finales del siglo XIX, causó una epidemia mundial. La relación entre el hábito de fumar y el cáncer comenzó a demostrarse en los 40 y a finales de los 50 las pruebas ya eran irrefutables. Sin embargo, en 1960 solo un tercio de los médicos de EE UU creían que el vínculo entre la enfermedad y el tabaquismo era real. A esa confusión de los médicos y la ciudadanía contribuyó también la ciencia. En 1954, Robert Hockett fue contratado por el Comité de Investigación de la Industria del Tabaco estadounidense para poner en duda la solidez de los estudios sobre el daño de los cigarrillos.588f3ef7a7b42

Pese a los esfuerzos de aquella industria, la acumulación de pruebas ha logrado que la conciencia sobre los peligros de fumar sea casi universal y que las campañas hayan reducido significativamente el número de fumadores. Pero el negocio del tabaco no es el único que manipuló la ciencia para proteger sus beneficios. Como el tabaquismo, el consumo desmesurado de azúcar es un hábito enfermizo moderno. Y aunque la conciencia sobre los daños del azúcar es algo mucho más reciente, parece que la propia industria era consciente de ellos desde hace mucho tiempo. De hecho, Hockett, antes de buscar la protección del tabaco a través de la confusión, había hecho lo mismo con el azúcar. Entonces, al no poder negar la relación entre sacarosa y caries, trataba de promover intervenciones de salud pública que redujesen daño del azúcar en lugar de restringir su consumo.

Compañías como Pepsi dejaron de financiar estudios al observar que podían demostrar el daño de sus productos

Esta semana, un equipo en el que participan Cristin Kearns y Stanton Glantz, investigadores de la Universidad de California en San Francisco conocidos por señalar los tejemanejes del negocio azucarero, ha recuperado antiguos documentos que muestran su forma de trabajar. Según explican en un artículo publicado en la revista PLOS Biology, la Sugar Research Foundation (SRF), conocida ahora como Sugar Association, financió en 1965 una revisión en el New England Journal of Medicine en la que se descartaban indicios que relacionaban el consumo de azúcar, los niveles de grasa en sangre y la enfermedad cardiaca. Esa misma fundación también realizó estudios en animales en 1970 para analizar esos vínculos. Sus resultados encontraron un mayor nivel de colesterol en ratas alimentadas con azúcar frente a otras alimentadas con almidón, una diferencia que atribuían a distintas reacciones de los microbios de su intestino. Cuando la SRF conoció los datos, que apuntaban a una relación entre el consumo de azúcar y la enfermedad cardiaca e incluso un mayor riesgo de cáncer de vejiga, detuvo las investigaciones y nunca publicó sus resultados.

Glatz y sus colegas comentan que este tipo de trabajo propagandístico, dirigido a sembrar dudas sobre cualquier relación entre el consumo de sacarosa y las enfermedades crónicas, continúa hoy. Como ejemplo citan una nota de prensadifundida por la Sugar Association en 2016 como respuesta a un estudiopublicado en la revista Cancer Research. En ella, se ponían en duda los datos obtenidos por un equipo del Centro para el Cáncer MD Anderson de la Universidad de Texas en el que se observó en ratones que el consumo de azúcar favorecía el crecimiento de tumores y la metástasis.

Estrategias vigentes

Las estrategias de la industria azucarera del pasado continúan vigentes. Como cuando Hockett proponía paliar el impacto del consumo del azúcar en la caries sin reducir su consumo, hoy, compañías como Coca-Cola centran el foco en la necesidad de hacer ejercicio para reducir la obesidad dejando a un lado la de reducir el consumo de azúcar.

En una entrevista con El País, Dana Small, una científica de la Universidad de Yale que trabaja para entender la manera en que el entorno moderno, desde la alimentación a la contaminación, favorece la obesidad, comentaba su experiencia colaborando con Pepsi. Pese a que reconoce que los directivos de la compañía tenían buenas intenciones cuando comenzaron a financiar proyectos sobre alimentación y salud, cuenta que todo funcionó bien hasta que tuvieron “resultados que indicaban que sus productos podían estar haciendo daño”. No podían asumir que conocían los peligros de sus productos para la salud, porque esa información se podría utilizar contra ellos en futuras demandas. “Dejaron de financiarme la semana siguiente y a los científicos con los que estaba trabajando, les confiscaron los ordenadores”, relataba.

Glanz considera que la actitud de las asociaciones azucareras “cuestionan los estudios financiados por la industria del azúcar como una fuente fiable de información para la elaboración de políticas públicas”. Small, sin embargo, consideraba que la industria del azúcar y la de la alimentación en general es demasiado grande como para obviarla. En su opinión es necesario buscar formas para proteger este tipo de colaboración de tal manera que ambas partes puedan trabajar de forma honesta “sin tener que preocuparse por secretos comerciales o ser demandada”.

Fuente: elpais.com

Photo of Wellington Pérez Wellington Péreznoviembre 23, 2017
302 1.259 3 minutos de lectura
Photo of Wellington Pérez

Wellington Pérez

Egresado como periodista de la Escuela de comunicación de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD). Cuatriboliao, Minoso y más Cabraleño que una Cachua o una Viejaca.

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